Over the past few decades, psychotherapy has evolved beyond the traditional couch-and-notebook stereotype to become a richer, more holistic exploration of human experience. One development has been the incorporation of religion and spirituality into therapy. As more people describe their mental health challenges in spiritual as well as emotional terms, psychologists and counsellors have begun to consider the role of spirituality in healing. Spirituality refers to the human search for meaning and purpose in life through being part of something larger than oneself. Integrating this dimension into psychotherapy allows people to bring their full selves into the room: body, mind, and spirit.

Dr Suzanne Coyle has been at the forefront of this movement. In her 2024 publication, ‘A Case Study Method for Integrating Spirituality and Narrative Therapy’, she demonstrates how spirituality can naturally emerge in therapy through storytelling, not as a doctrine imposed by the therapist, but as meaning discovered by the client. Her approach draws on two profound theological ideas: immanence and transcendence.

Immanence refers to the divine presence within everyday life, the sacred woven through ordinary moments, pain, and struggle. It reminds us that spirituality is not reserved for the mountaintop or the monastery; it is present in the messiness of living. Transcendence, by contrast, is the sense that the divine is separate from physical existence; it refers to moments or experiences that lift a person beyond their ordinary limits, pain, or suffering. Dr Coyle argues that both are essential: immanence grounds us in our humanity, while transcendence invites us to imagine more.

To illustrate how spirituality and therapy can meet in practice, Dr Coyle uses a composite case study which, unlike a typical clinical case drawn from one person’s experience, combines stories, patterns, and themes from several real clients. This protects confidentiality while allowing the therapist to explore complex issues that arise across multiple lives. It is part creative synthesis, part teaching tool to show how theory works in the real world.

Dr Coyle’s composite client is called ‘Jasmine’. She embodies struggles that are relatable for many people: buried trauma, simmering anger, and a longing for peace. Jasmine, a woman in her late twenties, came to therapy after years of abuse, both in childhood and adult relationships. Her unpredictable and often explosive anger began to threaten her work and friendships. Beneath that anger, Dr Coyle discerned not only pain but a yearning for meaning.

In therapy sessions, Jasmine gradually began to tell her story, a childhood shadowed by violence, a teenage flight into a troubled marriage, and a growing sense that anger had taken on a life of its own. Notably, Dr Coyle listens for what is not said to uncover the ‘absent but implicit’ story. For example, when Jasmine spoke of hiding under the bed as a child, Dr Coyle heard both fear and courage. The therapist’s role was not to fix Jasmine’s anger, but to help her re-story her life in a way that gave her agency and hope.

Narrative therapy is the foundation of Dr Coyle’s approach and begins with a simple belief that people are not the problem; the problem is the problem. Rather than seeing clients as broken or disordered, narrative therapists see them as storytellers caught in limiting narratives. Through conversation, clients are invited to externalise the problem and to re-story their stories with richer, more empowering meanings.

In Jasmine’s case, this meant separating ‘anger’ from her identity. Dr Coyle asked questions such as, ‘When does anger show up?’ and ‘What happens when you stand up to it?’. These questions gave Jasmine space to see herself as someone who could interact with her emotions, rather than be consumed by them. As their conversations deepened, spiritual language began to surface naturally. Jasmine described prayer as her ‘weapon’ and church as her ‘haven of rest’. Here, spirituality was not imposed but emerged from the story itself. In narrative therapy, these moments of meaning are gently nurtured through techniques such as scaffolding – guiding the client to take one small step beyond what feels possible, and thickening the story – helping them to see multiple layers of identity beyond trauma or pain.

For Jasmine, prayer became a counter-story to fear and anger. Through faith, she could imagine herself as brave and beloved rather than broken. Her spirituality gave her a sense of transcendence while still honouring the immanence of her everyday life.

Dr Coyle’s approach does not blend theology and psychology into a single system; instead, it stages a conversation between them. The therapist begins with the client’s presenting concern, such as anger, grief, or anxiety, and explores it through therapeutic tools like externalising or re-authoring. As spiritual themes emerge, they are brought into dialogue with theological concepts like immanence and transcendence. In Jasmine’s case, anger represented the raw, earthly side of existence, but through prayer and community, she gained a sense of transcendence – the possibility of freedom, connection, and hope.

This approach requires sensitivity. Therapists must avoid prescribing beliefs or assuming that spirituality means religion. Instead, Dr Coyle suggests, they can ask open questions that allow clients to define spirituality in their own terms.

Integration also means recognising limits. Not every session will end in revelation, and not every client will find solace in faith. Dr Coyle notes that Jasmine’s life remained imperfect; anger and hardship did not vanish. Yet, therapy offered her a sense of continuity between her suffering and her spirituality. By weaving immanence and transcendence together, Jasmine could live within her story rather than be trapped by it.

Dr Coyle’s framework ultimately invites all therapists to see healing as a conversation of perspectives. Psychological methods uncover emotional patterns; spiritual reflection opens possibilities of meaning. When these perspectives meet, they form what she calls a ‘both/and’ understanding, one that holds human limitation and divine possibility in the same compassionate gaze.

Dr Coyle’s work reveals that psychotherapy and spirituality are not opposing disciplines but partners in understanding what it means to be human. Storytelling becomes the bridge through which people make sense of their past, find language for pain, and glimpse the sacred in their survival. In the end, Jasmine’s story is one of transformation. By learning to see her anger as a visitor rather than an identity, and her prayer as a path rather than an escape, she found a more hopeful narrative. For readers and practitioners alike, Dr Coyle’s work demonstrated that therapy can be a sacred space, and spirituality can be therapeutic.